{"content":{"sharePage":{"page":0,"digests":[{"id":"41695503","dateCreated":"1314372800","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695503"},"dateDigested":1532174711,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"discussion","title":"General comments by Pasipau Wadonda","description":"General Observations:
\n(a) For the structure, I would suggest the following definition, nature\/scope \/limitations of obligations, forms of threats. Each should be expounded briefly to provide a succinct idea of issues to the reader. The cases can be cited in support of a proposition and if need be in the footnotes.
\n(b) The sentence flow and themes under discussion should be linked; currently it appears incoherent jumping from one theme to the next.","replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41593119","dateCreated":"1314092575","smartDate":"Aug 23, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"yukanosue","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/yukanosue","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41593119"},"dateDigested":1532174711,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"discussion","title":"Instillation of fear - element?","description":"Please clarify what elements constitute the violation. Currently, the first two sentences of the condensed part are confusing. It is unclear whether or not two sentences constitute elements of one violation. Specifically, please clarify whether \u201cinstillation of fear in one\u2019s mind\u201d (the second sentence) is required or not.
\n
\nFrom what I read, for violation of State\u2019s obligation to prohibit death threat, this instillation is not required. (Or even unfairly burden on the victim in proving her subjective state, similar to \u201clack of consent\u201d requirement in rape.) As the act itself should be prohibited.
\n
\nHowever, to claim the violation of right to respect of life, the \u201cinstillation\u201d is required \u2013 as the ACHPR case cited provides \u201cstate of constant fear\u201d?","replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"40565079","dateCreated":"1309352918","smartDate":"Jun 29, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"sdehemptinne","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/sdehemptinne","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/40565079"},"dateDigested":1532174711,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"discussion","title":"Threats","description":"Threats to other rights (right to physical integrity, property, etc...) should also be included in the other entries.","replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]}],"more":false},"comments":[{"id":"41695477","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695477"},"dateDigested":1532174709,"commentId":"723594","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: In the introduction pa...","description":"Comment by PW: In the introduction para 2 (last sentence) combining the standards developed in JAMO case with the European Court standard may be problematic. 1) The JAMO case is not applicable to death threats 2) what is the justification for using the European standard and not standards developed by other regional systems?","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"In the case of Opuz v Turkey<\/em> the failure of the respondent state to protect a person from the death threats of a private citizen was found to be a violation of the right to life. The ECtHR held that the state is responsible \u2018when it knows of a real and immediate risk to life of a person ... and fails to take reasonable measures to avoid the risk","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695479","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695479"},"dateDigested":1532174709,"commentId":"897942","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: \nThis case solely look...","description":"Comment by PW:
\nThis case solely looked at assessing the risk of torture and not death threats. Hence I feel it cannot be transposed to death threats since the nature of the two phenomenon are different.","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"For a state to be held accountable the threatened person must present some objective evidence of the threats and there must be some link to the state either that the threats have been committed by state agents or that the state has not taken sufficient action to investigate the threats. The Committee against Torture noted in JAMO v Canada<\/em> \u2018the absence of objective evidence","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695463","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695463"},"dateDigested":1532174709,"commentId":"133845","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: Contradictory with abo...","description":"Comment by PW: Contradictory with above sentence. State obligations applies to both state agent and non-state actors. They should not be presented as if they are distinct.","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"States are under an obligation to criminalise death threats by private individuals and investigate and prosecute the perpetrators","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695459","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695459"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"729771","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by Pasipau Wadonda (PW): \nDoe...","description":"Comment by Pasipau Wadonda (PW):
\nDoes this imply that death threats may be authorised under law?","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"A death threat is a statement or other expression of a real or imaginary intention to kill a person or group of persons made by another person or group of persons without authorisation of the law","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695471","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695471"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"154143","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: \nSee comment 1","description":"Comment by PW:
\nSee comment 1","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"States are under an obligation to prevent its officials or other persons acting with its authority or acquiescence from making death threats to people under its jurisdiction whether such persons have been deprived of liberty or not","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695467","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695467"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"873547","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: See comment in para 1 ...","description":"Comment by PW: See comment in para 1 above","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"A death threat is a statement or other expression of a real or imaginary intention to kill a person or group of persons made by another person or group of persons without authorisation of the law","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695473","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695473"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"11510","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: provision of effective...","description":"Comment by PW: provision of effective protection measures should be added","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"including","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695465","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695465"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"49253","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: \nWhere is this princip...","description":"Comment by PW:
\nWhere is this principle coming from? Not clear even under the comprehensive section seems it a combination of JAMO v Canada and Opuz v Turkey, this may be problematic ( see comments below )","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"For a state to be held accountable the threatened person must present some objective evidence of the threats and there must be some link to the state either that the threats have been committed by state agents or that the state has not taken sufficient action to investigate the threats","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695469","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695469"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"888699","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: Perhaps it\u2019s better to...","description":"Comment by PW: Perhaps it\u2019s better to use international jurisprudence eg HR comte decisions","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"ACHPR held in \/\/Aminu v Nigeria","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695475","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695475"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"127626","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: See comment 1","description":"Comment by PW: See comment 1","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"States are under an obligation to criminalise death threats by private individuals and investigate and prosecute the perpetrators","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]},{"id":"41695461","dateCreated":"1314372754","smartDate":"Aug 26, 2011","userCreated":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"monitored":false,"locked":false,"links":{"self":"https:\/\/ohchrglossary.wikispaces.com\/share\/view\/41695461"},"dateDigested":1532174710,"commentId":"52413","orphaned":false,"startDate":null,"sharedType":"comment","title":"Comment: Comment by PW: \nThis seems to suggest...","description":"Comment by PW:
\nThis seems to suggest that individuals and non-state without any links to the State cannot issue death threats.
\nOn state obligation, in GC 31 the HRC define the general scope of positive obligations under the ICCPR as extending to acts committed by private entities ( see para 8). The position advanced here would be restrictive in death threat cases.","rangeActions":[{"name":"Comment added","rangeText":"States are under an obligation to prevent its officials or other persons acting with its authority or acquiescence from making death threats to people under its jurisdiction","dateCreated":"1314372754","user":{"username":"cristinamichels","url":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/user\/view\/cristinamichels","imageUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikispaces.com\/i\/user_none_lg.jpg"},"diffUrl":"\/page\/diff\/Death+threats\/248644673?mode=code"}],"replyPages":[{"page":0,"digests":[],"more":0}]}]},"http":{"code":200,"status":"OK"},"redirectUrl":null,"javascript":null,"notices":{"warning":[],"error":[],"info":[],"success":[]}}